The aim of this paper is to analyze how different models of transformation in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) increased or decreased the risk of being stuck in the middle-income trap (MIT). The key finding is that the CEE and CIS countries are,...

The paper examines the macroeconomic performance of 25 transition economies using a comparable dataset. In order to see whether the transition to the market based economy increased economic efficiency, technical progress, and total factor productivity, we estimate efficiency measures for the...