This paper uses the panel data of energy consumption and GDP for 82 countries from 1972 to 2002. Based on the income levels defined by the World Bank, the data are divided into four categories: low income group, lower middle income group, upper middle income group, and high income group. We...

This paper estimates the demand for cigarettes using panel data – 42 states and Washington, D.C. – from 1961 to 2002. We first employ the panel unit root test before estimating the demand structure. We have found that (i) the price and income elasticities are approximately –0.41 and 0.06,...