Impacts of complex emergencies or relief interventions have often been evaluated by absolute mortality compared to international standardized mortality rates. A better evaluation would be to compare with local baseline mortality of the affected populations. A projection of population-based...

Oligopoly models where firms and other agents take prior actions that subsequently affect the marginal costs have long been useful in illuminating policy debates with respect to antitrust regulation, environmental protection, and international competition. In this paper we illustrate the...