In recent decades, we observe brisk growth of ground lease-based land use systems, such as shopping malls, and Common Interest Developments in retail and residential real estate, respectively. I argue that the ground lease system is an efficient response to the hold-up problem in urban land use...

By extending the incomplete-contract model to the provision of local collective goods, this paper analyzes the political hold-up problem in urban land use. The model focuses on three-party contractual relationships and analyzes the effects of wage and rent capitalization, symmetric or...