This paper analyzes the effects of language practice on earnings among adult male immigrants in Canada using the 1991 … Census. Earnings are shown to increase with schooling, pre-immigration experience and duration in Canada, as well as with … complementarity between language skills and both schooling and preimmigration experience. That is, greater proficiency in the official …

language plays in the labour market performance of immigrants and to better study their career progression relative to the … between origin and destination language imposes larger wage penalties to the university-educated, and significantly affects … Canada). However, since wages in Quebec are lower than elsewhere, immigrants in Quebec earn less in absolute terms than those …