double dividend in that it reduces both minor offenses and more severe crime. We develop a model of criminal subcultures in … attractive for some people who would otherwise commit more severe crime. If social status is sufficiently important in criminal … subcultures, zero-tolerance reduces crime across the board. -- status concerns ; street crime ; subcultures ; penalties ; zero …

Expressive crime contrasts with instrumental crime in that delinquents do not seek material benefits. Law breakers are … motivated by the desire to ‘make a statement’, possibly against majority attitudes in the society. Fighting expressive crime is … expressive crime. Delinquents are motivated to perform the illegal action because it transmits a signal. If the punishment …