Over the past two decades, international trade has become a privileged engine of growth for much of the developing world. With the global economy evolving continuously and rapidly, countries must pay close attention to their positioning on the map of global trade and production. Within this...

Today, Europe is facing a political crisis because it has not solved a double dilemma. The first one is institutional and concerns the frontiers of the Union and thus the number of potential regions. The second one is economic, and makes it necessary to choose between, on the one hand, the need...

The main theoretical and econometrical works relating to migration dynamics have so far considered the study of impacts or explanatory factors induced by brain drain. As an extension of these analyzes, this article focuses on the causal effects of the brain drain and attempts to test them. From...