This paper shows both theoretically and empirically how raw material rich countries use export restrictions upstream to …, I provide evidence that export restrictions on industrial raw materials upstream help promote manufacturing exports …

This paper addresses the issue of export licensing procedures in the WTO context. It aims to contribute to the … understanding of the existing rules applicable to export licensing in the WTO, and what the development of specific disciplines … would mean to international trade. The paper looks at the definition of export licensing, the past discussions on developing …