We examine incentives to seize and defend goods offered for trade in an Edgeworth box economy. Appropriation possibilities generate equilibrium of coerced redistribution and voluntary trade in a reduced box. Potential mutual gains remain untaken because the prospect of piracy creates a price...

Since Lewis F. Richardson's seminal contribution in arms race modeling, there has been a proliferation of arms race models in journals and books across many disciplines. Despite this proliferation, there are some fundamental methodological problems associated with Richardson-type models and the...