Chapter 1. ESCO Development, Chapter 2. Western Europe- Germany-Italy-Greece-United Kingdom-Ireland-France-Austria-Belgium-The Netherlands-Luxembourg-Finland-Sweden-Denmark-Portugal-Spain, Chapter 3. Eastern Europe- Czech Republic-Poland-Romania-Hungary-Slovakia-Croatia-Russia-Bulgaria, Chapter...

A number of Member States of the European Union (EU) have introduced market-based policy portfolios based on quantified energy savings obligations on energy distributors or suppliers, possibly coupled with certification of project-based energy savings (via white certificates), and the option to...

A number of Member States of the EU have introduced voluntary agreements (VAs) that aim to deliver energy savings and emission reductions via increased energy efficiency in different end-use sectors, mainly targeting industry.

Obligations to save energy differentiate, among other features, by obliged parties. These are obligations on energy suppliers and energy end-users. Supplier obligations have been introduced in North America, Europe and Australia. Under supplier obligations energy suppliers have to comply with...

According to IEA estimates, about 19% of the electricity used in the world is for lighting loads with a slightly smaller fraction used in the European Union (14%). Lighting was the first service offered by electric utilities and still continues to be one of the largest electrical end-uses. Most...