outside school hours, are private information, the second-best policy makes school enrollment compulsory, forces overt child …

children's school enrollment and labor. The causal identification relies on geographical variations in the price of food (wheat …). The results show that the negative impacts of food price increase on school enrollment differ by gender, economic status …, and the presence of siblings. The negative effects on school do not directly correspond to the increase in child labor …

This paper aims to identify the major drop-out and push-out factors that lead to school abandonment in an urban … the population in these neighborhoods, which cover both in-school and out-of-school youth of both genders. They focus on … the role of early parenthood, child labor, and poverty in pushing teenagers out of school. The potential endogeneity of …

reversed after treatment in the program. Indigenous children also had lower school attainment compared with Spanish-speaking or … bilingual children. After the program, school attainment among indigenous children increased, reducing the gap. This paper …

negative effects on school participation and educational attainment, but also find substantially higher earnings for those …