An influential hypothesis explaining the persistence of global productivity differences is that frontier technologies are finely tuned to the local conditions of the high-income countries that develop them and inappropriate for application elsewhere. This paper studies how environmental...

Patent protection was introduced for plant biotechnology in the United States in 1985, and it affected crops differentially depending on their reproductive structures. Exploiting this unique feature of plant physiology and a new dataset of crop-specific technology development, I find that the...

"Providing a panoramic overview of the field, this Handbook examines the intellectual property (IP) rights that protect artistic and inventive works, demonstrating that innovation and creativity require appropriate practical institutions alongside imagination and inspiration. Advancing key...