and Economics, this article proposes that the normative standard of remedies for patent infringement should be in between … the two extremes, which might be called “relative property rule”. The original level of specific patent remedy rules, such … damages award actively in order to make the patent remedial level in line with the relative property rule. In comparison, the …

Since the mapping of the human genome and the technical innovations in the field of biotechnology, patent law has gone … legislative acts and judicial decisions, ensuring a fair balance between the interests of patent right holders and third parties … shaping the patent policy on an international level are the patent offices of the United States of America, Japan and the …

: USA, Japan and Europe. In each economic area, we use information from two international patent systems to construct the … technological proximity for 240 international firms. In particular, we select firms’ patents from United States Patent and … Trademarks Office (USPTO) data and European Patent Office (EPO) data. In order to compute the technological proximity, we follow …

2001 the United States Patent and Trade Mark Office, the European Patent Office and the Japan Patent Office (jointly … each of the patent law requirements of utility (industrial applicability), written description (clarity and support of … mentioned patent law requirements by the Trilateral Offices does in fact filter out from grant those claims which may be …

Between 1980 and 2001, the United States Patent and Trademark Office awarded over 8,000 patents on genes and genetic … to a variety of issues, including their relatively recent arrival into the patent realm, their grant of exclusivity over … factors, dealing directly with the application of patent laws, and policy factors, implicating problems of access, cost, and …