. Illustrative is the barrier against access to essential medicines caused by pharmaceutical patent protection under the WTO regime …

linked with the evolution of modern patent law and patents are pillars of biotechnology industry. The context for patenting … biotechnology inventions in the U.S., Europe, Japan and China. Doctrines and practice regarding patent eligibility, utility, novelty … requirements, including requirement for patent disclosure of the source of genetic resources in China, will be highlighted …

The patent system has gained political attention in both Europe and the US as the core regulatory regime of an … increasingly knowledge-based economy. Europe and the US alike have recently engaged in a series of reform efforts of their patent …

. Specifically, the most recent oppositions challenge the patents as not fulfilling relevant provisions in the European patent law … gene patents and recent opposition decisions of the European Patent Office and also advocates the creation of a similar …

We report the results of the first comparative study of the determinants and effects of patent oppositions in Europe … thirty times higher than the rate of re-examination at the USPTO. Moreover, opposition leads to a revocation of the patent in … about 41 percent of the cases, and to a restriction of the patent right in another 30 percent of the cases. Re …