I examine a policy-making game among countries that must choose both a policy instrument (e.g., a tax or a quota) and its intensity (i.e., the tax rate or the quota level) to price pollution. When countries price pollution non-cooperatively, they not only set the intensity inefficiently, they...

We discuss the nonparametric approach to profit efficiency analysis at the firm and industry levels in the absence of complete price information, and propose two new insights. First, choosing one commodity (whose price is known) as a numeraire good enables us to measure profit inefficiency in...

Our chapter surveys the literature on why market prices may provide distorted signals, i.e., diverge from socially efficient prices. There are a number of reasons for this to occur, such as price controls, externalities, imperfect competition, taxes, trade controls, etc. Broadly, market failure...

Firms are using freemium pricing strategies in many industries, including software, mobile apps, games, and streaming music and video. Freemium combines free services supported by advertising with premium services supported by subscriptions. We obtain the firm's optimal pricing strategy when...