In this research we evaluate the environmental economic impact of shipping from the perspective of CO2 emissions by implementing Marine Emission Trading Scheme (METS), as defined. This trading scheme is based on the EU Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS) program with adjustments for the shipping...

This paper analyses the cost implications for climate policy in developed countries if developing countries are unwilling to adopt measures to reduce their own GHG emissions. First, we assume that a 450 CO2 (550 CO2e) ppmv stabilisation target is to be achieved and that Non Annex1 (NA1)...

Overview -- Baseline emissions under business as usual -- Abatement initiatives in the Copenhagen Accord and Cancun Agreements -- Abatement cost functions -- Abatement costs through 2050 -- Trade and timing -- Estimating investment requirements and adaptation costs -- Synthesis