In this paper, we study the impact of standard-essential status for patents on production possibilities of the economy and long-term growth. As we show, the innovators' risk of losing the standard-setting game ex-ante attenuates the anticipation of a larger market share. Moreover, when the...

This paper argues that securities transaction taxes throw sand not in the wheels, but into the engine of financial markets where the transformation of latent demands into realized transactions takes place. The paper considers the impact of transaction taxes on financial markets in the context of...

I present a model in which a venture capitalist and an entrepreneur are engaged in the complex and risky task of forming a new company. I show that a reallocation of control rights can alleviate some commitment and incentives problems and lead to an improved outcome. In contrast to earlier...

It is common in the literature to treat trading arrangements as exogenous. Yet, the sheer variety of existing arrangements shows that they are in fact subject to choice. This paper presents a formal analysis of endogenous trading arrangements. I show that observed trading arrangements differ by...

Two experts make yes/no predictions about whether an event, such as an economic crisis, will occur. They receive private signals about the likelihood of the event that are much more informative than the coarse recommendations they can ultimately convey. The experts may care about both absolute...

Do high frequency traders affect transaction prices? In this paper we derive distributions of transaction prices in limit order markets populated by low frequency traders (humans) before and after the entrance of a high frequency trader (machine). We find that the presence of a machine is likely...

We study performance and competition among high-frequency traders (HFTs). We construct measures of latency and find that differences in relative latency account for large differences in HFTs' trading performance. HFTs that improve their latency rank due to colocation upgrades see improved...

We study intraday market intermediation in an electronic market before and during a period of large and temporary selling pressure. On May 6, 2010, U.S. financial markets experienced a systemic intraday event - the Flash Crash - where a large automated selling program was rapidly executed in the...

Financial markets have undergone a remarkable transformation over the past two decades due to advances in technology. These advances include faster and cheaper computers, greater connectivity among market participants, and perhaps most important of all, more sophisticated trading algorithms. The...

How does latency affect the dynamics of asset prices in modern markets? In this paper, we present a simple model of latency. In our model, latency is a delay between the observed asset price and its true, but latent fundamental price. Because of latency, the observed asset price shadows the true...