also shows how Portuguese-Asian trade formed part of a global trading network that linked not only Europe and Asia but also … Portuguese continued to reap the lucrative Asian trade in spices and luxury items. Historians have long considered the Portuguese … trade the exclusive enterprise of the kings of Portugal and a few privileged aristocrats, with only minimal participation by …

all over Europe. Cities of Commerce intervenes in an important debate on the growth of trade in Europe before the … policies favorable to trade. He argues that it was this competitive urban network that promoted open-access institutions in the … merchants, this book demonstrates how urban rivalry fostered the creation of open-access institutions in international trade. …

nation-state in Europe. After the "commercial revolution" of the thirteenth century, taxes on trade became increasingly …, large monetary flows and unstable financial markets, most notably in trade credit and equity partnerships. It shows how the …1. Introduction -- 2. The Politics of Markets -- 3. Commodities and Prices -- 4. Money and Trade -- 5. Mercantile …