China keeps its exchange rate tightly fixed to the dollar. Its productivity growth and trade surplus have been high … reduce China's trade surplus but could cause serious deflation in China. To show this, we consider international adjustment … between China and the United States from both an asset-market and a labor-market perspective, and compare this to Japan …

China or Japan, has no predictable effect on its trade surplus. Currency appreciation by the creditor country will slow its …-growth and low-growth economies, as between Japan and the U.S. from in 1950 to 1971 and China and the U.S. from 1994 to 2005 … growth. The qualified case for China moving toward greater flexibility in the form of a very narrow band for the yuan …