the traditional agricultural economy to modern economic growth, household real income increases, fertility decreases, and … twin births, child sex composition, and family planning policies, to identify the causal effect of fertility on child …

19th century in the United States. We construct new measures of fertility changes and measures of railroad access at the … county level from 1850 - 1890. We are able to document market-access-induced changes in fertility due to both extensive … margins (shifts in occupations with different average fertility rates) and intensive margins (changes in fertility within each …

in the 1980s to empirically examine the causal impact of women's education on fertility in rural China by difference …

fertility, both desired and realized, as a central pathway through which the relationship has been historically theorized and … independently from fertility decline. Finally, we assess the state and quality of evidence of these relationships and propose …