Fertility has long been declining in industrialised countries and the existence of public pension systems is considered … which a public pension system depresses fertility. Our theoretical framework highlights that the effect of a public pension … system on fertility works via the impact of contributions in such a system on disposable income as well as via the impact on …

We analyse various pathways through which access to electricity affects fertility, using a pseudo-panel of Indonesian … results suggest that the subsequent effects on fertility account for about 18 to 24 percent of the overall decline in the … fertility rate, depending on the specification. A key channel through which electrification affects fertility is increased …

income shocks. Identification relies on fertility differences between farm and non-farm households within counties and over … time. The results suggest that in areas with a high variance in rainfall the fertility differential between farm households … other relevant forces such as income, education and children’s survival as well as the spatial correlation in fertility …

-Saharan Africa. These effects are transmitted through interactions between the education gender gap within families, fertility, and … declines in fertility and creating population momentum. The bigger population, in turn, degrades local resources and the …