instrumental-variable models that instrument education by landownership inequality and distance to Wittenberg and fertility by … previous-generation fertility and sex-imbalance ratio, we find that causation between fertility and education runs both ways …. Furthermore, education in 1849 predicts the fertility transition in 1880-1905. -- schooling ; fertility transition ; unified …

In this paper we argue that the fertility decline that began around 1880 had substantial positive effects on the health … that the fertility decline is a neglected source of the rapid improvement in health in the first half of the twentieth … century. -- Fertility decline ; heights of children ; health in Britain …

instrumental-variable models that instrument education by landownership inequality and distance to Wittenberg and fertility by … previous-generation fertility and sex-imbalance ratio, we find that causation between fertility and education runs both ways …. Furthermore, education in 1849 predicts the fertility transition in 1880-1905. -- Schooling ; fertility transition ; unified …