Regulatory agencies frequently present violators with warnings, not pursuing prosecution if the violation ceases upon receipt of the warning. We show how such warnings may help regulators to keep control: Prosecution is costly for the regulator, and insu.cient prosecution e.orts yield low...

We model the exchange rate market for a country that initially follows a band policy, as a four-stage sequential game of complete information, where a stochastic shock is realized in the last stage. Given a fixed cost of leaving the band, we show that three types of equilibria may exist,...

I characterize backward induction in an epistemic model of perfect information games where players have common certain belief of the consistency of preferences rather than the rationality of choice. In this approach, backward induction corresponds to common certain belief of ‘belief in each...

We consider a model where TV channels transmit advertising, and viewers dislike such commercials. We find that the less differentiated the TV channels’ programs are, the lower is the amount of advertising in equilibrium. Relative to the social optimum, there is underprovision of advertising if...

Known results on the identification of structural duration dependence in the presence of unobserved heterogeneity depend crucially on the proportional hazards assumption. Here, I show that variation in covariates over time, combined with variation across observations, is sufficient to ensure...

In this paper, we consider the formulation and estimation of systems of regression equations with random individual effects in the intercept terms from unbalanced panel data, i.e., panel data where the individual time series have unequal length. Generalized Least Squares (GLS) estimation and...

We consider the effects of vertical integration on the performance of long-term and spot markets when spot prices are uncertain and agents are risk averse. We find that vertical integration impairs market performance by increasing the gap between contract and (expected) spot prices. This holds...

Johansen (1972) explains how a short run macro production function can be derived on the basis of a distribution of micro production units with respect to fixed input coefficients. The present note points out that the composite mean regression, introduced by Frisch (1929), can be useful in...