Shipping was central to the rise of the Atlantic economies, but an extremely hazardous activity: in the 1780s, roughly five per cent of British ships sailing in summer for the United States never returned. Against the widespread belief that shipping technology was stagnant before iron...

This paper provides an assessment of the insurance sector in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom has one of the deepest, most developed insurance markets in the world. Insurance penetration is 50 percent higher than in the European Union or other advanced economies, and the expenditure per...

In the first book of its kind, Turnbull traces the development and implementation of actuarial ideas, from the conception of Equitable Life in the mid-18th century to the start of the 21stcentury. This book analyses the historical development of British actuarial thought in each of its three...