Iraq’s 2005 Article IV Consultation reports that there has been a marked deterioration in Iraq’s human development indicators over the last twenty years. There is relatively little firm data on the balance of payments other than on oil exports, government imports of goods and services, and...

The 2024 Article IV Consultation highlights that domestic stability has improved since the new government took office in October 2022, facilitating the passage of Iraq's first three-year budget, which entailed a large fiscal expansion starting in 2023. The ongoing fiscal expansion is expected to...

The Government of Iraq has embarked on a considerable modernization journey for the General Commission for Taxes (GCT) with the goal of expanding the revenue base following a tax/GDP decline of 1 percentage point in 2022 (from 2 percent in 2020). Taking into account the internal and external...

A pension system is at the heart of social protection. By ensuring income security for older persons and other vulnerable groups, it prevents poverty, reduces inequality, and facilitates consumption smoothing. A pension system also affects the working population's labor market choices and has...

Purpose - This study aims to scrutinize and analyze the regional challenges facing Kuwait and their impact on Kuwait's national security since the outbreak of Arab Spring revolutions in 2011. These challenges are as follows: the Iranian threat, the Arab Spring revolutions and the recent Gulf...

This paper aims to analyze the characteristic of wind speed data in Al-Salman site - Iraq using Weibull distribution. Maximum likelihood method (MLM) was used to find out two essential Weibull parameters. The best wind distribution was described by using probability density function and...