mechanism and Shleifer's yardstick Regulation. Unfortunately, in practical applications of these simple mechanisms the regulated … regulator must be extremely well-informed if he wants to apply this sort of regulation: except for the actual realizations of a … regulated public utility. This is the main reason why in practice the simple $RPI - X$ regulation prevails. Finally, in this …

costs in a so-called base year. Such regulation is employed, among others, to govern electricity distribution operators in …. A connected set of price caps exists so that a hybrid regulation consisting of any element in this set and the cost …