Mass migration from the former Soviet Union increased the Israeli population by 12% in the first half of the 1990s. This exodus was precipitated by the lifting of emigration restrictions in an unstable USSR and by the open immigration policy of Israel toward Soviet Jews, who faced more...

Till the early-1990s the collectively-bargained labor contract (between the trade-union that presented the employees, and the employer or the employers'-association) was the norm, granting salaried workers a stable and protected labor contract. Thereafter, and more significantly after 1995, the...