Hundreds of studies have shown that air pollution affects health in the very short-run. This played a key role in setting air quality standards. Yet, estimated effect sizes can vary widely across studies. Analyzing the results published in epidemiology and economics, we find that publication...

This book is about cities. It is about city people - their origins, their problems, and the social arrangements which sustain them. It deals in the hard facts the scientist musters to document and explain, and in accounts of personal experience which enliven and enrich with the humanist's touch....

Respondents use different ways to respond to rating scale items. Hence, item responses do not only capture the trait to be measured, but also the way respondents react to rating scales. So-called response styles have been incorporated in a variety of psychometric modeling approaches and...

In the U.S, after age 65, households face income and health risks and a large fraction of these risks are transitory. While consumption significantly responds to transitory income shocks, out-of-pocket medical expenses do not. In contrast, both consumption and out-of-pocket medical expenses...