The great majority of studies on the effect of school quality on academic outcomes do not take account of changes in … student choices concerning effort if school quality, e.g. class size, changes. We show that empirical estimates of the "total …" effect of changes in school quality could be quite different from the "partial" effect holding other inputs (including …

end of secondary school. We provide empirical evidence of self-productivity of skills and of complementarity between … secondary school inputs and skills at the end of primary school. Our inference relies on idiosyncratic variation in school … expenditure and child fixed effect estimation that controls for the endogeneity of past skills. The persistence in cognitive …