Under 2013 to 2020 European Union proposals for CO2 emission reduction, a Member State can transfer to another Member State ‘part’ of their allowed emission allocation in the non-Emission Trading Sector (“ETS”). The paper addresses three questions in relation to these Transfer Emission...

Under European Union proposals for CO2 emission reduction between 2013 and 2020, a Member State can transfer to another Member State the right to use its unused Clean Development Mechanism (“CDMs”) credits. The paper addresses three issues in relation to these CDM Warrants (“CDMW”)....

Ocean iron fertilization is currently discussed as a potential measure to mitigate climate change by enhancing oceanic CO2 uptake. Its mitigation potential is not yet well explored, and carbon offsets generated through iron fertilization activities could currently not be traded on regulated...