In emissions trading, the initial allocation of permits is an intractable issue because it needs to be essentially fair to the participating countries. There are many ways to distribute a given total amount of emissions permits among countries, but the existing distribution methods, such as...

The cessation of the relatively rosy interactions of the United States and Soviet Union in 1959-60 resulting from the U-2 incident and the subsequent intense escalation of hostilities led a group of concerned international scholars to convene at Malmö, Sweden in 1963. Their discussions...