expansion of school attainment has not guaranteed improved economic conditions. This paper reviews the role of education in …

rest of the Arab World. We find that high and upper-middle income countries are immune to democracy shocks in Egypt …We examine the role of democracy shocks in the cross-country economic growth processes over a period of five decades … since 1960. The recent uprisings that arose independently and spread across the Arab world form the main context of our …

This paper throws new light on the relationship between income and democracy. Using data for 162 countries over 1960 … political instability, while other potential mechanisms, such as education, investment and inequality, lack comparable empirical … support. These findings are robust to, among others, using night-lights instead of GDP, different democracy measures and …