This paper examines the causal relationship between productivity and exporting in German manufacturing. We find a … causal link from high productivity to presence in foreign markets, as postulated by a recent literature on international … markets enables firms to achieve further productivity improvements, without finding significant evidence for this. We conclude …

activity or fixed costs to maintain that activity, anticipating that the decision would impact its future productivity and … productivity. Then, I investigate the impact of trade liberalization and government subsidy policies on firms’ importing and … rates and generates a modest increase in mean productivity. Subsidizing either the sunk costs or the fixed costs of one …

euro. At the end of our estimation period, the previous exchange rate movements had shifted the upper bound of the play …

euro. At the end of our estimation period, the previous exchange rate movements had shifted the upper bound of the play …

euro. At the end of our estimation period, the previous exchange rate movements had shifted the upper bound of the play …