Over the long haul U.S. military spending, 1946-79, came at the sacrifice of non-durable consumption expenditures, not investment expenditures. This conclusion is based on an examination of trends in the GNP shares of consumption, investment, government and net exports expenditures, 1889-1979....

The aim of this paper is to examine the evolution of recruitment of elites and to investigate the nature of the links between recruitment and training of elites and economic development. We show that there was a key shift at the turn of the nineteenth century in the way the Western world trained...