there is no clear common sense for that. Our main purpose in this paper is to present how the classical Fisher-Weil bond … change approximation and the associated bond hedging technique can be enhanced, such that we are able to solve simultaneously … these two issues. The good approximation of the bond or portfolio change we derive, allows to get an interesting consequence …

spreads as it modifies both the level and shape of the curves. When a bond portfolio is considered, the presence of dependence …