role of a referee in a contest as well as of the danger of sports corruption by considering a referee’s influence on the … urgent implementation resulting from the current legal ambiguity regarding the prosecution of sports corruption in Germany. …The constantly growing number of arising referee corruption cases as well as their damage to the integrity of the …

In this paper, we discuss from an economic perspective two alternative views of restrictions of competition by sports … associations. The horizontal approach views such restrictions as an agreement among the participants of a sports league with the … sports association merely representing an organization executing the horizontal cooperation. In contrast, the vertical …

(possibly together with the sports association) violates European competition law in two ways. First, it allegedly abuses its … and enforcing a heavily biased horizontal allocation of media revenues, benefitting the cartel teams. Professional sports … sports authority and the participants, and (ii) horizontal allocation among the participants. Different professional sports …