The European Fiscal Compact (FC) entered into force by 1 January, 2013 in 25 EU Member States. With the ratification the signatory countries commit significant parts of their budget to the European Commission and the European Court of Justice, which indicates a shift of power from legislative to...

The objective of this paper is to compare the impact of R&D competition (i) under patent protection and (ii) under no patent protection on enterprise innovation and performance with the impact of R&D cooperation in the form of R&D cartel on enterprise innovation and performance. For simplicity...

A speech delivered by the IMF's Managing Director Christine Lagarde at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) as part of the Institute's Europe Lecture Series in Berlin, Germany, on March 26, 2018