The paper asks if credit rating agencies have incentives to misrepresent their clients’credit quality during an ongoing systemic crisis. Two important elements are essential fora systemic crisis: (1) Investors are not able to distinguish fundamentally healthy debtorsfrom fundamentally unhealthy...

Student loans schemes are in operation in more than seventy countries around the world.Most loans schemes benefit from sizeable built-in government subsidies and, in addition, aresubject to repayment default and administrative costs that are not passed on to studentborrowers. We probe two issues...

In der aktuellen Blitzumfrage der KfW Bankengruppe unter Finanzexperten der führendendeutschen Wirtschaftverbände zum Thema Kreditklemme wird deutlich, dass ein Großteilder kleinen Unternehmen mit erhöhten Sicherheiten sowie höheren Zinsen bzw.Kreditabsagen zu kämpfen hat. Das Problem...

Die Finanzkrise hat bei vielen Banken trotz niedrigem Zinsniveau zu einer verstärktenZurückhaltung bei der Kreditvergabe geführt. Dies zwingt den Mittelstand immer häufigeralternative Wege zu finden, um sich Liquidität zu sichern. Die Innenfinanzierung, spezielldas Working Capital...

This study examines a problem of fiscal deficits based on the Ottoman budget of 1275 A.H. (March 1859–February 1860).1 In this period, state debt amassed rapidly due to increased market loans abroad. In order to evaluate the credibility of the Ottoman government for a new loan, Lord Hobart and...

This paper is a case study about investor behaviour of the government of Berne on capital markets in the 18th century, focussing mainly on London. Economic theory about principal-agent problems and portfolio administration will be used to analyse quantitative and qualitative data from government...

During the two decades after the Second World War, international tradeexpanded at its most rapid pace of the twentieth century. Between 1948 and1968, the total volume of merchandise exports from non-communist countriesgrew by a remarkable 290 percent. 2 And the growth of world trade during...

A central proposition in research on the role that banks play in the transmission mechanism is that monetary policy imparts a direct impact on deposits and that deposits, insofar as they constitute the supply of loanable funds, act as the driving force of bank lending. This paper argues that the...

This paper discusses the problems that arise from interest subsidies in the UK system of student loans; systems in other countries, for example Australia and New Zealand, face similar problems. The topic appears to be narrow and technical, and of significance only to the most nerdy of...

This paper puts forward a strategy for achieving two objectives in higher education –improved access and increased quality – about which there is unanimous agreement.[...]