Direct provision of public services can alter the balance of resources across income groups. We focus on the issues arising when taking account of the impact of publicly provided education services across the income distribution. We combine OECD information on spending per student in particular...

Colantone et al. (2024a) use survey data to examine how a major ban on combustion engine cars in Milan, Italy affected voting behavior of treated car owners. The authors find that the ban raised the probability of voting for the populist right wing Lega party by 15.4-18.3 percentage points, a...

Leveraging a major Italian reform enacted in June 2012 that eroded employment protection to workers on permanent contracts, we use detailed administrative data to estimate how this reduction affected the cost of job loss. We employ a stacked-by-event research design, which compares workers...