The member states of the European Union (EU) and the EU institutions have increasingly been using public-private partnerships (PPPs) to accelerate the development of (ambitious) trans-national infrastructure. This paper argues that in the EU (i) private sector partners remain risk-averse; and...

Creating the framework for cross-border infrastructure cooperation often requires the active role of a third party, an "honest broker", to forge convergence of interests. It is often argued that "deep" European Union (EU)-style integration is a necessary, though not sufficient, condition for...