The paper shows that a transition from a planned to a market economy implies an important change of the structure of production, i. e. a reallocation of resources which takes time and induces sufferings for some people. These sufferings may be reduced by subsidization of some sectors, with some...

Alle möglichen Situationen, in denen jemand gegen moralische Gesetze verstoßen kann, werden mit ihren Anreizen zur Übertretung, den zu erwartenden Strafen in der Zukunft und den Wahrscheinlichkeiten des Eintretens dieser Situation beschrieben. Je nach der Abdiskontierung der Zukunft wirken...

The paper discusses different methods to deal with unobservable variables: Kalman-Filtering, principal components, factor analysis, LISREL, MIMIC, DYMIMIC, PLS with respect to parameter estimation and forecasting. We got very good results by an extension of Kalman-Filtering called AS (general...

In this paper we discuss the in uence of ethics on the decisions of persons within the context of mutual in influences of one person on another. We show that this leads to a Markov cha in which converges to annual situation independent of the initial conditions. Different types of decisions are...