Discounting is standard in economics to consider time preferences of people and account for future market changes. However, so far discounting has mainly been applied to monetary flows and ignored for many ecosystem services. In multi-objective optimization, selectively disregarding time...

Baumbach et al.1 estimate that climate damages to the carbon storage and habitat services provided by Central American forests will cost society $51-314 billion per year through the end of the century. Their costs greatly exceed past estimates of the total value of critical biodiversity hotspots...

Given the drastic changes in the environment, resilience is a key focus of ecosystem management. Yet, the quantification of the different dimensions of resilience remains challenging, particularly for long-lived systems such as forests. Here we present an analytical framework to study the...