Using changes in consumption as a proxy for "vulnerability" we identify the characteristics associated with vulnerability around the time of the 1998 Russian financial crisis. In addition, we examine the role of formal and informal safety nets in preserving individual well being. We apply...

Using the RLMS, this paper re-examines the gender wage gap in Russia from 1994 to 1998. We find that the average gender wage gap was fairly stable during 1994-1996 but that it became wider following the financial crisis of 1998. In particular, low-income female employees were hardest hit by the...

Using panel data on micro-enterprises from Peru, we find evidence suggesting that firm dynamics explain 'formality', i.e. the decision to participate in societal institutions. In particular, we find that participation increases with firm size and age, implying transition of firms to formality as...

Purpose: Compared with other emerging and former command economies, Russia has low levels of entrepreneurial activity and exceptionally low levels of reported entrepreneurial intentions. Drawing on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), this paper aims to examine the determinants of...