1 TRADE TALKS Peace, Protection, and the Rise of Free Trade -- THE FRANCO-BRITISH COMMERCIAL TREATY OF 1713 -- FREE TRADE AFTER UTRECHT -- THE COMMERCIAL TREATY PROPOSAL OF 1772 -- THE EDEN-RAYNEVAL TREATY OF 1786 -- 2 A SYSTEM OF COLLECTIVE RESTRAINT Spanish America, Freedom of Trade, and the...

This paper studies the impact of outsourcing on individual wages in three European countries with markedly different labour market institutions: Germany, the UK and Denmark. To do so we use individual level data sets for the three countries and construct comparable measures of outsourcing at the...

This paper presents an analysis of housing conditions amongst the British urban working class in 1904, using a re-discovered survey. We investigate overcrowding and we find major regional differences. Scottish households were more overcrowded despite being less poor. Investigating the causes of...