Reciprocity is one of the main basic social relations that constitute societies. It consists of being favourable to others because others are favourable to you (and not from an exchange in the strict sense). It rests on three possible rationales: (1) balance (comparison, matching), often related...

The ethical analysis of distribution seems to show that, from general opinion, distribution in the field of macrojustice should not depend of people’s utility – for this choice, each individual’s utility concerns this person only (utility is relevant for other issues). The criterion should...