While global oceans are facing extreme pressure from anthropogenic activities, such as marine pollution and ocean acidification, the Polar Regions (Arctic and Antarctica) are still relatively pristine. Nevertheless, marine ecosystems in the Polar Regions are experiencing rapid changes. Climate...

As urged by planetary boundary scientists, ‘there is an urgent need for a new paradigm that integrates the continued development of human societies and the maintenance of the Earth system in a resilient and accommodating state'.1 With rising temperatures, melting ice, increased human...