Why do some local governments condition the delivery of goods and services to citizens on individual political behavior, while others do not? In this paper, I outline a theory of variation in clientelism that focuses on differences in the incentives politicians face to use clientelism depending...

Social security-pension system reforms were one of the main areas of social policy changes in Latin America during the 80s and 90s. Apparently, the debate and design of the reforms implicitly assumed that they were neutral in terms of their effect on men and women. This article discusses...

In 1981 Chile began a wave of privatization and market-friendly reforms of social security systems in Latin America; Argentina did the same in 1993. In 2008, Chile and Argentina reformed their pension systems again. Chile maintains the private capitalization system complemented with a basic...