How to protect "captive shippers" from monopolistic abuses by a railway? In an "open access" system, it's straightforward: provide infrastructure access to a competing train operating company. In a system without open access - as in, for example, the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Brazil -...

The paper unveils whether ICT diffusion determines development of financial innovation in emerging economies. Particularly, we examine the impact of ICT adoption on changing values of exchange traded funds in Brazil and Mexico, comparing it to the United States as reference country (benchmark)....

Exchange traded funds (ETFs) are one of the most influential financial innovations, reshaping the investment funds market in many countries, including Mexico. Due to their similar investment objectives, ETFs are considered substitutes for mutual funds. This paper examines the changes of the...

The urban labour market is one of fundamental significance due to the possibilities and constraints that imposes on population's wellbeing, and because its effects on national and local employment rates and wages. The urban dimension of the labour market is closely linked to the spatial...

Foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to Mexico are substantial and play an important role in the Mexican economy since the mid-1990s. These investments reflect the activities of multinational firms that shape to some extent the economic landscape and sectoral structure in this host country. We...

In den letzten Jahrzehnten sind nicht nur vielfältige internationale Institutionen zur Regelung von Problemen und Konflikten entstanden, die sich aus den Globalisierungsprozessen herleiten. Auch haben sich die Akteurskonstellationen erweitert und schließen nicht-staatliche Akteure ein. Dies...

This report offers an analysis of the Mexican federal government’s social policy response to the Covid-19 pandemic. The report provides an overview of developments in six policy areas where change associated with the pandemic can be observed: healthcare, pensions, family benefits, education,...