The Brazilian legislation did not recognize pharmaceutical patents for products and processes up until 1996, an exemption which started in 1945 for products and 1969, for processes. In this period, the domestic companies freely reproduced medicines developed by large companies from abroad and...

This paper deals with the restructuring of the Brazilian economy in the recent years, when it gained momentum. The formal model is based on Modigliani-Miller equation on value and an equation on revenues and costs. Both were modified as to include different parameters for the present owner (the...

It is widely recognized in the literature that the clustering of firms can generate benefits for the local firms, especially in terms of the creation and diffusion of knowledge among producers. One of the main sources of this new knowledge is the academic research, which can contribute to the...

The main aim of this paper is to exam the local dimension of the university and industry linkages. It is widely recognized in the literature that academic research is an important source of new knowledge to the innovative efforts of the firms. Many authors, such as Audrescht and Feldman (1996),...

The aim of this paper is to exam the spatial patterns of innovative performance in Brazilian industry, taking into account its regional interdependencies, and the impact of the main innovative inputs. There is a huge literature concerning regional innovation and the importance of local inputs in...

This paper examines how the geographical proximity of university-industry linkages relates to the quality of an institution?s research, local efforts in research and development (R&D), and characteristics of a region?s production structure. The important role of universities for the firms?...