We examine whether government ideology was correlated with the growth in military expenditure in Germany over the period 1951-2011. By using various measures of government ideology, the results do not show any effect. The exception is an ideology measure based on the Comparative Manifesto...

This paper employs the mixed frequency vector autoregression (MF-VAR) to discuss the causal link between crude oil dependence and military expenditure in China. The empirical results demonstrate that the crude oil dependence Granger causes military expenditure and accounts for 66.8% of the...

This paper clarifies one of the puzzling results of the economic growth literature: the impact of military expenditure is frequently found to be non-significant or negative, yet most countries spend a large fraction of their GDP on defense and the military. We start by empirical evaluation of...